The study of individual behavioral variation, sometimes called animal personalities or
behavioral types, is now a well-established area of research in behavioral ecology and …

Adolescenceâ€" beginning with the onset of puberty and ending in the mid-20sâ€" is a
critical period of development during which key areas of the brain mature and develop …

Behavior is shaped by both the internal state of an animal and its individual behavioral
biases. Rhythmic variation in gonadal hormones during the estrous cycle is a defining …

Context-dependent biological variation presents a unique challenge to the reproducibility of
results in experimental animal research, because organisms' responses to experimental …

Abstract 'Enriched environments' are a key experimental paradigm to decipher how
interactions between genes and environment change the structure and function of the brain …

The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress because it perceives and
determines what is threatening, as well as the behavioral and physiological responses to the …

Aging has a profound and devastating effect on the brain. Old age is accompanied by
declining cognitive function and enhanced risk of brain diseases, including cancer and …

The hippocampus provided the gateway into much of what we have learned about stress
and brain structural and functional plasticity, and this initial focus has expanded to other …

Within animal populations there is variation among individuals in their tendency to be social,
where more sociable individuals associate more with other individuals. Consistent inter …

How can we leverage digital technologies to enhance language learning and bilingual
representation? In this digital era, our theories and practices for the learning and teaching of …