Summary The interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) family of cytokines and receptors is unique in immunology
because the IL‐1 family and Toll‐like receptor (TLR) families share similar functions. More …

Interleukin (IL)-18 was originally discovered as a factor that enhanced IFN-γ production from
anti-CD3-stimulated Th1 cells, especially in the presence of IL-12. Upon stimulation with Ag …

Cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) is the most common clinically
important complication in adult patients undergoing open heart surgery, and is associated …

Despite advancements in standardizing the criteria for acute kidney injury (AKI), its definition
remains based on changes in serum creatinine and urinary output that do not specifically …

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines. Similar to IL-1β, IL-18 is
synthesized as an inactive precursor requiring processing by caspase-1 into an active …

In May 2004, a new classification, the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function,
and End-stage kidney disease) classification, was proposed in order to define and stratify …

Approximately 18% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery experience AKI (on the basis of
modern standardized definitions of AKI), and approximately 2%–6% will require …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by an acute decrease in renal function that can be
multifactorial in its origin and is associated with complex pathophysiological mechanisms. In …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common (especially during critical illness), increasing in
incidence, and is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. The Risk, Injury …

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains associated with high morbidity and mortality,
despite progress in medical care. Although the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, End-Stage …