Plants rely on a variety of ways to protect themselves from being fed upon, including de novo
production of specific compounds such as those termed as phenolics. Phenolics are often …

A vast body of research demonstrates that many ecological and evolutionary processes can
only be understood from a tri‐trophic viewpoint, that is, one that moves beyond the pairwise …

Intact forests provide diverse and irreplaceable ecosystem services that are critical to human
well-being, such as carbon storage to mitigate climate change. However, the ecosystem …

The interactions between plants and herbivorous insects are complex and involve multiple
factors, driving species formation and leading to the beginning of co-evolution and …

Plants have evolved plastic defence strategies to deal with the uncertainty of when, by which
species and in which order attack by herbivores will take place,–. However, the responses to …

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is one of the world's most important invasive crop pests, possibly
because it manipulates plant defense signaling. Upon infestation by whiteflies, plants …

Plant disease occurs simultaneously with insect attack. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)
modify plant biotic stress response. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and pathogens may modify …

Maize is one of the most important crops for food, cattle feed and energy production.
However, maize is frequently attacked by various pathogens and pests, which pose a …

To achieve ecological and reproductive success, plants need to mitigate a multitude of
stressors. The stressors encountered by plants are highly dynamic but typically vary …

Herbivores may directly or indirectly affect plant attractiveness to pollinators. Although
several studies have reported on these effects, there is yet no general consensus on the …