Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of autoimmune
originate. The main agents responsible for the MS development include exogenous …

With evolving diagnostic criteria and the advent of new oral and parenteral therapies for MS,
most current diagnostic and treatment algorithms need revision and updating. The diagnosis …

Despite high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is widely used in treatment of a
number of immune‐mediated neurological diseases, the consensus on its optimal use is …

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is still the most widely accepted animal
model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Different types of EAE have been developed in order to …

This review updates and extends earlier Consensus Reports related to current basic and
escalating immunomodulatory treatments in multiple sclerosis (MS). The recent literature …

Background: Immunomodulatory therapies are widely used in adults with multiple sclerosis
(MS) and safety and tolerability is well-established. Although at least 5% of all patients with …

In recent decades, pregnancy-related issues in multiple sclerosis (MS) have received
growing interest. MS is more frequent in women than in men and typically starts during child …

Ocular findings may be initial manifestations of multiple sclerosis and may predict additional
demyelinating events. Recognizing these syndromes and signs will help clinicians to …

While pain is a common problem in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), it is not frequently
mentioned by patients and a more direct approach is required in order to obtain information …

There is increasing appreciation that multiple sclerosis (MS) can begin in childhood or
adolescence, but pediatric MS continues to be a rare entity, with an estimated 2 to 5% of …