The primary female sex hormones, estrogens, are responsible for the control of functions of
the female reproductive system, as well as the development of secondary sexual …

Oestrogens and their receptors contribute broadly to physiology and diseases. In
premenopausal women, endogenous oestrogens protect against cardiovascular, metabolic …

Gonadal hormones play a key role in the establishment, activation, and regulation of the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. By influencing the response and sensitivity to …

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface signaling
receptors known to play a crucial role in various physiological functions, including tumor …

Phytoestrogens are plant‐derived dietary compounds with structural similarity to 17‐β‐
oestradiol (E2), the primary female sex hormone. This structural similarity to E2 enables …

Inflammatory activation of microglia is a hallmark of several disorders of the central nervous
system. In addition to protecting the brain against inflammatory insults, microglia are …

The peri-menopause or menopausal transition—the time period that surrounds the final
years of a woman's reproductive life—is associated with profound reproductive and …

Neuroinflammation is a physiological protective response in the context of infection and
injury. However, neuroinflammation, especially if chronic, may also drive …

Perimenopause is a midlife transition state experienced by women that occurs in the context
of a fully functioning neurological system and results in reproductive senescence. Although …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a wide class of disorders of the central nervous
system (CNS) with unknown etiology. Several factors were hypothesized to be involved in …