Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria is one of the most potent innate
immune-activating stimuli known. Here we review the current understanding of LPS effects …

Abnormal production of inflammatory mediators is believed to play an important role in the
pathogenesis of psoriasis. Emerging data, both in mice and in humans, put the spotlight on a …

The active form of vitamin D, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1, 25 (OH) 2 D 3), has potent
immunomodulatory properties that have promoted its potential use in the prevention and …

Our understanding of the role of T cells in human disease is undergoing revision as a result
of the discovery of T‐helper 17 (Th17) cells, a unique CD4+ T‐cell subset characterized by …

Abstract TH-17 cells are interleukin 17 (IL-17)–secreting CD4+ T helper cells involved in
autoimmune disease and mucosal immunity. In naive CD4+ T cells from mice, IL-17 is …

T helper (TH) cells constitute an important arm of the adaptive immune system because they
coordinate defence against specific pathogens, and their unique cytokines and effector …

Traditionally, Crohn's disease has been associated with a Th1 cytokine profile, while Th2
cytokines are modulators of ulcerative colitis. This concept has been challenged by the …

Autoimmune disease can develop as a result of a breakdown in immunological tolerance,
leading to the activation of self-reactive T cells. There is an established link between …

Objective Circulating monocytes contain a subpopulation of CD14+ CD16+ cells; this
subpopulation of cells has been described to be proinflammatory and to have an increased …

Abstract Interleukin 17 (IL-17)–producing T helper 17 cells (TH-17 cells) have been
described as a T helper cell subset distinct from T helper type 1 (TH1) and TH2 cells, with …