Macrophage polarization refers to the process by which macrophages can produce two
distinct functional phenotypes: M1 or M2. The balance between both strongly affects the …

In recent years there has been enormous interest in researching oxidative stress. Reactive
oxygen species (ROS) are derived from the metabolism of oxygen as by-products of cell …

Nitric Oxide (NO) is a soluble endogenous gas with various biological functions like
signaling, and working as an effector molecule or metabolic regulator. In response to …

Peroxynitrite is the product of the diffusion-controlled reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide
radicals. Peroxynitrite, a reactive short-lived peroxide with ap K a of 6.8, is a good oxidant …

Sepsis is one of the most important causes of death in intensive care units. Despite the fact
that sepsis pathogenesis remains obscure, there is increasing evidence that oxidants and …

The reduction of oxygen to water proceeds via one electron at a time. In the mitochondrial
respiratory chain, Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase) retains all partially reduced …

Abstract Beckman, Kenneth B., and Bruce N. Ames. The Free Radical Theory of Aging
Matures. Physiol. Rev. 78: 547–581, 1998.—The free radical theory of aging, conceived in …

Mitochondria have been described as “the powerhouses of the cell” because they link the
energy-releasing activities of electron transport and proton pum** with the energy …

Curcumin, a yellow pigment from Curcuma longa, is a major component of turmeric and is
commonly used as a spice and food-coloring agent. It is also used as a cosmetic and in …

Objectives In view of the critical role of intracellular Ca 2+-overload in the genesis of
myocyte dysfunction and the ability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce the …