The course of pupillary constriction and dilation provides an easy-to-access, inexpensive,
and noninvasive readout of brain activity. We propose a new taxonomy of factors affecting …

Pathological alterations to the locus coeruleus, the major source of noradrenaline in the
brain, are histologically evident in early stages of neurodegenerative diseases. Novel MRI …

Emotional arousal enhances perception and memory of high-priority information but impairs
processing of other information. Here, we propose that, under arousal, local glutamate levels …

The locus coeruleus‐noradrenergic (LC–NA) neuromodulatory system has been implicated
in a broad array of cognitive processes, yet scope for investigating this system's function in …

Mood, motivation, attention, and arousal are behavioral states having a profound impact on
cognition. Behavioral states are mediated though the peripheral nervous system and …

Pupillometry is the study of changes in the diameter of the pupil as a function of cognitive
processing. This review paper provides a brief historical overview of the study of …

The measurement of pupil diameter in psychology (in short,“pupillometry”) has just
celebrated 50 years. The method established itself after the appearance of three seminal …

Mood, attention and motivation co-vary with activity in the neuromodulatory systems of the
brain to influence behaviour. These psychological states, mediated by neuromodulators …

Our decisions are guided by the rewards we expect. These expectations are often based on
incomplete knowledge and are thus subject to uncertainty. While the neurophysiology of …

The locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system plays a broad role in learning and
memory. Here we begin with an overview of the LC-NE system. We then consider how both …