The simple definition of tone as the resistance to passive stretch is physiologically a complex
interlaced network encompassing neural circuits in the brain, spinal cord, and muscle …

Work over the past 2 decades has led to substantial changes in our understanding of
dystonia pathophysiology. Three general abnormalities appear to underlie the …

The striatum is composed principally of GABAergic, medium spiny striatal projection neurons
(MSNs) that can be categorized based on their gene expression, electrophysiological …

Objectives: To provide a revised version of earlier guidelines published in 2006.
Background: Primary dystonias are chronic and often disabling conditions with a …

Noninvasive transcranial stimulation is being increasingly used by clinicians and
neuroscientists to alter deliberately the status of the human brain. Important applications are …

Dystonia is typically considered a movement disorder characterized by motor
manifestations, primarily involuntary muscle contractions causing twisting movements and …

Forty years ago, CD Marsden proposed that blepharospasm should be considered a form of
adult‐onset focal dystonia. In the present paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of …

Dystonia is a disorder of motor programmes controlling semiautomatic movements or
postures, with clinical features such as sensory trick, which suggests sensorimotor mismatch …

This review will consider the knowledge that neuroimaging studies have provided to the
understanding of the anatomy of dystonia. Major advances have occurred in the use of …

Dystonia is a movement disorder of both genetic and non-genetic causes, which typically
results in twisted posturing due to abnormal muscle contraction. Evidence from dystonia …