▪ Abstract Health-adjusted life years (HALYs) are population health measures permitting
morbidity and mortality to be simultaneously described within a single number. They are …

Cost–effectiveness analyses, particularly in the USA, commonly use a figure of 50,000perlife-
yearorquality-adjustedlife-yeargainedasathresholdforassessingthecost …

Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are regularly used in health economics to elicit
preferences for healthcare products and programmes. There is growing recognition that …

Of the many conceptual distinctions present in psychology today, the approach-avoidance
distinction stands out as one of, if not the, most fundamental and basic. The distinction …

In bioethics, discussions of justice have tended to focus on questions of fairness in access to
health care: is there a right to medical treatment, and how should priorities be set when …

This line of reasoning—focusing on human capability—contrasts with the idea that health
care is special because of its impact on equality of opportunity. 6 It also differs from the …

This framing chapter describes the strengths and limitations of the most widely used
concepts and methods in economics, ethics, and other social sciences that are relevant to …

In the past decade, interest has been rising in the development, calculation and use of
summary measures of population health, which combine information on mortality and non …

There is often a discrepancy between quality of life estimates from patients and the general
public. These discrepancies are of concern to the disability community, who worry that the …

In cost‐utility analysis, the numbers of quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) gained are
aggregated according to the sum‐ranking (or QALY maximisation) rule. This requires that …