Optogenetic techniques have been developed to allow control over the activity of selected
cells within a highly heterogeneous tissue, using a combination of genetic engineering and …

Rhodopsins had long been considered non-fluorescent until a peculiar voltage-sensitive
fluorescence was reported for archaerhodopsin-3 (Arch3) derivatives. These proteins …

Microbial rhodopsins have advanced optogenetics since the discovery of
channelrhodopsins almost two decades ago. During this time an abundance of microbial …

Channelrhodopsins are light-gated ion channels used to control excitability of designated
cells in large networks with high spatiotemporal resolution. While ChRs selective for H+ …

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are algal light-gated ion channels widely used as optogenetic
tools for manipulating neuronal activity. ChRs desensitize under continuous bright-light …

Genetic engineering of natural light-gated ion channels has proven a powerful way to
generate optogenetic tools for a wide variety of applications. In recent years, blue-light …

Parvularcula oceani xenorhodopsin is the first light-driven inward proton pump. To
understand the mechanism of inward proton transport, comprehensive transient absorption …

The light-driven proton pump Coccomyxa subellipsoidea rhodopsin (CsR) provides—
because of its high expression in heterologous host cells—an opportunity to study active …

Optogenetics is a technology using light-sensitive proteins to control signaling pathways and
physiological processes in cells and organs and has been applied in neuroscience …

Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated ion channels widely used to optically activate or
silence selected electrogenic cells, such as individual brain neurons. Here, we describe …