Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …

Abstract Initialized Earth System predictions are made by starting a numerical prediction
model in a state as consistent as possible to observations and running it forward in time for …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

The rate of global-mean sea-level rise since 1900 has varied over time, but the contributing
factors are still poorly understood. Previous assessments found that the summed …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

The surface mixed layer of the world ocean regulates global climate by controlling heat and
carbon exchange between the atmosphere and the oceanic interior,–. The mixed layer also …

In the past two decades, the Argo Program has collected, processed, and distributed over
two million vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the upper two kilometers of the …

As the ocean development process speeds up, the technical means of ocean exploration
are being upgraded. Due to the characteristics of seawater and the complex underwater …

The ocean takes up about 93% of the global warming heat entering Earth's climate system.
In addition, the associated thermal expansion contributes substantially to sea-level rise …

Ocean biogeochemical models describe the ocean's circulation, physical properties,
biogeochemical properties and their transformations using coupled differential equations …