Decades of research has identified the brain areas that are involved in fear, fear extinction,
anxiety and related defensive behaviours. Newly developed genetic and viral tools …

Depression and anxiety disorders are the two most prevalent psychiatric diseases that affect
hundreds of millions of individuals worldwide. Understanding the etiology and related …

We review recent work on the role of intrinsic amygdala networks in the regulation of
classically conditioned defensive behaviors, commonly known as conditioned fear. These …

The combination of pharmacology and transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the effects
of drugs on TMS-evoked EMG responses (pharmaco-TMS-EMG) has considerably improved …

Fear, which can be expressed innately or after conditioning, is triggered when a danger or a
stimulus predicting immediate danger is perceived. Its role is to prepare the body to face this …

Noradrenaline modulates global brain states and diverse behaviors through what is
traditionally believed to be a homogeneous cell population in the brainstem locus coeruleus …

Brain systems that promote the maintenance of homeostasis in face of stress have
significant adaptive value. A growing body of work across species demonstrates a critical …

The neuronal circuits of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) are crucial for acquisition,
consolidation, retrieval, and extinction of associative emotional memories. Synaptic plasticity …

The central amygdala (CeA) plays a central role in physiologic and behavioral responses to
fearful stimuli, stressful stimuli, and drug-related stimuli. The CeA receives dense inputs from …

How sensory information is transformed by learning into adaptive behaviors is a
fundamental question in neuroscience. Studies of auditory fear conditioning have revealed …