Rationale Although the relation between stress and physiology is well documented, attempts
at understanding the link between racial discrimination and cortisol output, specifically, have …

Racial and gender differences in the effects of discrimination on health are well-established.
The evidence has derived largely from studies of older adults, with less attention paid to …

There is growing evidence on the negative effects of perceived discrimination on health
outcomes and their interactions with indicators of socioeconomic status. However, less has …

Background The negative effects of childhood maltreatment can be intergenerational, and
the prenatal period may play an important role in this intergenerational transmission …

Histories of early life stress (ELS) or social discrimination can reach levels of severity
characterized as toxic to mental and physical health. Such toxic social stress during …

The influence of discrimination on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function is
considered to be more pronounced for racial minority versus majority groups, although …

Experiencing chronic stress early in life is associated with later health disparities, and
poverty may be a significant stressor for both mothers and children. With a sample of …

Objective Ethnic discrimination negatively affects the health of ethnic minorities. The
dysregulation of psychobiological stress systems, such as the autonomic nervous system …

Little is known about how chronic exposure to stress affects mental health among American
Indian (AI) children. The current study aimed to fill this gap by exploring if hair cortisol …

Purpose Cortisol in fingernails could retrospectively reflect cumulative stress over a long
period. However, the association between fingernail cortisol and perceived stress needs to …