Metaheuristics for bilevel optimization: A comprehensive review

JF Camacho-Vallejo, C Corpus, JG Villegas - Computers & Operations …, 2024 - Elsevier
A bilevel programming model represents the relationship in a specific decision process that
involves decisions within a hierarchical structure of two levels. The upper-level problem is …

A review on bilevel optimization: From classical to evolutionary approaches and applications

A Sinha, P Malo, A Sinha, Z Lu, K Deb, P Malo - Journal of Heuristics, 2020 - Springer
A large number of application problems involve two levels of optimization, where one
optimization task is nested inside the other. These problems are known as bilevel …