Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome with a heterogeneous genetic,
neurobiological, and phenotypic profile. Currently, no objective biological measures—that is …

Increasing data indicate that inflammation and alterations in glutamate neurotransmission
are two novel pathways to pathophysiology in mood disorders. The primary goal of this …

Abstract Background The glutamate (Glu) and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
hypotheses of schizophrenia were proposed in the 1980s. However, current findings on …

Antipsychotic drugs are the mainstay in the treatment of schizophrenia. However, one-third
of patients do not show adequate improvement in positive symptoms with non-clozapine …

Importance Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) studies indicate that altered
brain glutamatergic function may be associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia …

Recent theoretical accounts have proposed excitation and inhibition (E/I) imbalance as a
possible mechanistic, network-level hypothesis underlying neural and behavioral …

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate and α7
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors that is derived from astrocytes as part of the kynurenine …

In schizophrenia, abnormal neural metabolite concentrations may arise from cortical
damage following neuroinflammatory processes implicated in acute episodes. Inflammation …

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a debilitating neuropsychiatric disorder with high heritability and
complex inheritance. In the past decade, successful identification of numerous susceptibility …

The variability in the response to antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia may reflect
between-patient differences in neurobiology. Recent cross-sectional neuroimaging studies …