Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is a multifunctional cytokine expressed by almost every
tissue and cell type. The signal transduction of TGF-β can stimulate diverse cellular …

Inhibitory Smads (I-Smads) have conserved carboxy-terminal MH2 domains but highly
divergent amino-terminal regions when compared with receptor-regulated Smads (R …

Inflammation and fibrosis are two pathological features of chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been long considered as a key mediator of renal …

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) is a proinflammatory cytokine known to control a
diverse array of pathological and physiological conditions during normal development and …

BACKGROUND The placenta is a unique and pivotal organ in reproduction, controlling
crucial growth and cell differentiation processes that ensure a successful pregnancy …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a common mediator of cancer progression and
fibrosis. Fibrosis can be a significant pathology in multiple organs, including the heart. In this …

Organ fibrosis is a process in which cellular homeostasis is disrupted and extracellular
matrix is excessively deposited. Fibrosis can lead to vital organ failure and there are no …

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are novel RNA molecules that play important roles in
chemoresistance in different cancers, including breast and gastric cancers. However …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multi-functional polypeptide that plays a critical
role in regulating a broad range of cellular functions and physiological processes. Signaling …

The acquired ability to induce the formation of a functional vasculature is a hallmark of
cancer. Blood vessels in tumors are formed through various mechanisms, among the most …