The gut–brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain.
Four information carriers (vagal and spinal afferent neurons, immune mediators such as …

Stress exposure can produce profound changes in physiology and behavior that can impair
health and well-being. Of note, stress exposure is linked to anxiety disorders and depression …

Repeated, extreme, or traumatic stressors can elicit pathological effects leading to many
negative physical and psychological outcomes. Stressors can precipitate the onset of …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-evoked syndrome, with variable
prevalence within the human population due to individual differences in co** and …

Resilience is commonly conceptualized as the ability to adapt and thrive despite
experiencing adversity (Masten et al., 1995; Elder, 1998; Masten & Coatsworth, 1998). A …

Increased activity of the noradrenergic system in the amygdala has been suggested to
contribute to the hyperarousal symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder …

Exposure to a predator elicits an innate fear response and mimics several behavioral
disorders related to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The protective role of an enriched …

Background There is a strong link between chronic stress and vulnerability to drug abuse
and addiction. Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) is central to the stress response that …

In the brain, the four subunits of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
(AMPA) receptor, glutamate A1 (GluA1), GluA2, GluA3, and GluA4 form functionally different …

The development of new pharmacological therapies starts with target discovery. Finding
new therapeutic targets for anxiety disorders is a difficult process. Most of the currently …