The degeneration of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons that innervate the basal ganglia
is responsible for the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been …

Striatal acetylcholine and dopamine critically regulate movement, motivation, and reward-
related learning. Pauses in cholinergic interneuron (CIN) firing are thought to coincide with …

A dynamic equilibrium between dopamine and acetylcholine (ACh) is essential for striatal
circuitry and motor function, as imbalances are associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) …

Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive disorders characterized by synaptic loss and
neuronal death. Optogenetics combines optical and genetic methods to control the activity of …

Introduction Deterioration of cognitive functions is commonly associated with aging,
although there is wide variation in the onset and manifestation. Albeit heterogeneity in age …

Despite the therapeutic potential of chemogenetics, the method lacks comprehensive
preclinical validation, hindering its progression to human clinical trials. We aimed to validate …

Background A top-down neuronal circuit from the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) to the
dorsomedial striatum (DMS) appears to be critical for cognitive flexibility. However, how OFC …

Neuroleptic-induced dystonia is a source of great concern in clinical practice because of its
iatrogenic nature which can potentially lead to life-threatening conditions. Since all …

In the later stages of Parkinson's disease (PD), patients often manifest levodopa-induced
dyskinesia (LID), compromising their quality of life. The pathophysiology underlying LID is …

The dynamic equilibrium between dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) in the dorsal
striatum is thought to be essential for motor function, as imbalances in their levels are …