Mosquitoes are widely despised for their exasperating buzzing and irritating bites, and more
poignantly because, during blood-feeding, females may transmit pathogens that cause …

Malaria parasites have coevolved with humans over thousands of years, mirroring their
migration out of Africa. They persist to this day, despite continuous elimination efforts …

The pressure to survive ever-changing pathogen exposure explains the frequent
observation that immune genes are among the fastest evolving in the genomes of many …

Innate immunity was critical in insects defensive system and able to be induced by Janus
kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription cascade transduction (JAK/STAT) …

Malaria parasite ookinetes must traverse the vector mosquito midgut epithelium to transform
into sporozoite-producing oocysts. The Anopheles innate immune system is a key regulator …

Background There is emerging evidence that mosquito anti-Plasmodium immunity is
multimodal with distinct mechanisms for killing malaria parasites at either the ookinete or …

Genes that originate during evolution are an important source of novel biological functions.
Retrogenes are functional copies of genes produced by retroduplication and as such are …

Insects rely on their innate immune system to successfully mediate complex interactions with
their microbiota, as well as the microbes present in the environment. Previous work has …

Anopheles mosquito transmits Plasmodium, the malaria causing parasite. Different species
of Anopheles mosquito dominate in a particular geographical location and are capable of …

Simple Summary A comparison of the genomes of the African malaria vectors, Anopheles
gambiae and A. coluzzii, revealed that immune genes are highly diverged. Although these …