The origin of plastids (chloroplasts) by endosymbiosis stands as one of the most important
events in the history of eukaryotic life. The genetic, biochemical, and cell biological …

Cells emerged at the very beginning of life on Earth and, in fact, are coterminous with life.
They are enclosed within an excitable plasma membrane, which defines the outside and …

The apical complex is the instrument of invasion used by apicomplexan parasites, and the
conoid is a conspicuous feature of this apparatus found throughout this phylum. The conoid …

The endosymbiotic origin of plastids from cyanobacteria gave eukaryotes photosynthetic
capabilities and launched the diversification of countless forms of algae. These primary …

Myzozoans encompass apicomplexans and dinoflagellates that manifest diverse lifestyles in
highly varied environments. They show enormous propensity to employ different metabolic …

Dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae are crucial photosymbionts in corals and
other marine organisms. Of these, Cladocopium goreaui is one of the most dominant …

An ancestral eukaryote acquired photosynthesis by genetically integrating a cyanobacterial
endosymbiont as the chloroplast. The chloroplast was then further integrated into many …

Dinoflagellates are a diverse group of ecologically significant micro-eukaryotes that can
serve as a model system for plastid symbiogenesis due to their susceptibility to plastid loss …

DNA polymerases synthesize DNA from deoxyribonucleotides in a semiconservative
manner and serve as the core of DNA replication and repair machinery. In eukaryotic cells …

Photosynthetic dinoflagellates play crucial roles in global primary production and carbon
fixation. Despite their success in filling various ecological niches, numerous mysteries about …