Animals share an intimate and life-long partnership with a myriad of resident microbial
species, collectively referred to as the microbiota. Symbiotic microbes have been shown to …

It is increasingly evident that bidirectional interactions exist among the gastrointestinal tract,
the enteric nervous system, and the central nervous system. Recent preclinical and clinical …

The discovery of the gut–brain axis has proven that brain functions can be affected by the
gut microbiota's metabolites, so there are significant opportunities to explore new tools to …

Many agents developed for neuroprotective treatment of Parkinson disease (PD) have
shown great promise in the laboratory, but none have translated to positive results in …

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a multi-modal hematopoietic growth factor,
which also has profound effects on the diseased CNS. G-CSF has been shown to enhance …

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hematopoietic cytokine
responsible for the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of cells of the myeloid …

Owing to its intricate pathophysiology, cerebral stroke is a serious medical condition caused
by interruption or obstruction of blood supply (blockage of vasculature) to the brain tissues …

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic advantage of G-CSF to whole brain radiotherapy
(WBRT) in combination with immunotherapy as a first-line treatment for non-small cell lung …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by
histopathological and biochemical manifestations such as loss of midbrain dopaminergic …

Background The FDA approved drug granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) displays
anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory properties with neurogenesis and angiogenic …