Plant factories (PFs), also known as vertical farms, are advanced agricultural production
systems that operate independently of geographical and environmental conditions. They …

Light and its spectral characteristics are crucial for plant growth and development. The far-
red photon flux mediates many plant processes through the action of phytochrome and also …

Adding far-red (FR, 700–800 nm) light to photosynthetic active radiation (400–700 nm)
proved to be a possible approach to increasing plant biomass accumulation for lettuce …

The application of far-red (FR; 700–800 nm) light can improve plant growth, especially in
leafy green vegetables, through enhancing leaf expansion and photon capture. However …

High energy ultraviolet-A (UV-A) and violet photons are at the edge of photosynthetically
active radiation and may induce damage to sensitive metabolic pathways. The increasing …

Introduction Low light intensity and far-red (FR) light act as shade signals to induce specific
morphological changes mediated by plant photoreceptors phytochromes (PHYs). Applying …

Far-red (FR) light influences plant development significantly through shade avoidance
response and photosynthetic modulation, but there is limited knowledge on how FR …

Despite being outside of the traditionally defined photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
waveband (400–700 nm), far-red (FR; 700–799 nm) light can increase photosynthesis and …

The expanding cannabis production sector faces economic challenges, intensified by
freshwater scarcity in the main US production areas. Greenhouse cultivation harnesses …

Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is critical for achieving year-round food security in
many regions of the world. CEA is a resource-intensive endeavor, with lighting consuming a …