Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern
the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were …

The Nan**g University of Information Science and Technology Earth System Model version
3 (NESM v3) has been developed, aiming to provide a numerical modeling platform for …

The rising costs of climate change merit serious evaluation of potential climate restoration
solutions. The highest rate of change in climate is observed in the Arctic where the summer …

Snow and ice topography impact and are impacted by fluxes of mass, energy, and
momentum in Arctic sea ice. We measured the topography on approximately a 0.5 km2 …

Vertical heat conduction through young ice is a major source of wintertime sea ice growth in
the Arctic. However, field observations indicate that young ice preferentially accumulates …

The conductive heat flux through the snow and ice is a critical component of the mass and
energy budgets in the Arctic sea ice system. We use high horizontal resolution (3–15 cm) …

Operational forecasting systems routinely assimilate daily means of sea ice concentration
(SIC) from microwave radiometers in order to improve the accuracy of the forecasts …

Warm Atlantic water (AW) that flows northward along the Svalbard west coast is thought to
transport enough heat to melt regional Arctic sea ice effectively. Despite this common …

Abstract Models struggle to accurately simulate observed sea ice thickness changes, which
could be partially due to inadequate representation of thermodynamic processes. We …

Parameterizations of unresolved turbulent processes often compromise the fidelity of large‐
scale ocean models. In this work, we argue for a Bayesian approach to the refinement and …