Abstract Purpose of Review This paper reviews recent progress in understanding of the
North Pacific Meridional Mode (NPMM) and its influence on the timing, magnitude, flavor …

Recent studies have started to explore coupled data assimilation (CDA) in coupled ocean–
atmosphere models because of the great potential of CDA to improve climate analysis and …

This study reveals that the impact of the spring North Pacific meridional mode (PMM) on the
following-winter El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) shows a continuing increase in the …

A majority of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are preceded by the North Pacific
Meridional Mode (NPMM), a dominant coupled ocean–atmospheric mode of variability. How …

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dominates Earth's year-to-year climate variability
and can often cause severe environmental and socioeconomic impacts globally. However …

The spring Pacific meridional mode (PMM) is an important precursor of El Niño–Southern
Oscillation (ENSO). However, recent studies reported that only about half of the spring PMM …

Studies have indicated that North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability can
significantly modulate El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), but there has been little effort to …

The Pacific meridional mode (PMM) can modulate El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and
is also affected by ENSO-related tropical Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies …

The Pacific meridional mode (PMM) has been suggested to play an important role in
modulating the development of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In this study, we …

Significant strides have been made in understanding El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
dynamics, yet its long-lead prediction remains challenging, especially for the El Niño events …