The formation of the Isthmus of Panama stands as one of the greatest natural events of the
Cenozoic, driving profound biotic transformations on land and in the oceans. Some recent …

An integration of diverse strain markers into a palinspastic reconstruction of the northern
Andes provides a first-order quantitative approximation to the response of a complex margin …

Uranium-lead geochronology in detrital zircons and provenance analyses in eight boreholes
and two surface stratigraphic sections in the northern Andes provide insight into the time of …

The linking of North and South America by the Isthmus of Panama had major impacts on
global climate, oceanic and atmospheric currents, and biodiversity, yet the timing of this …

A phylogenetic analysis of sequences from 503 species of hylid frogs and four outgroup taxa
resulted in 16,128 aligned sites of 19 genes. The molecular data were subjected to a …

The tempo of species diversification in large clades can reveal fundamental evolutionary
mechanisms that operate on large temporal and spatial scales [1–4]. Hummingbirds have …

We present an integrative model predicting associations among epiphytism, the tank habit,
entangling seeds, C 3 vs. CAM photosynthesis, avian pollinators, life in fertile, moist …

Snakes of the cosmopolitan family Viperidae comprise around 329 venomous species
showing a striking heterogeneity in species richness among lineages. While the subfamily …

Andean orogeny is considered as one of the most important events for the development of
current plant diversity in South America. We compare available phylogenetic studies and …

The Caribbean oceanic crust was formed west of the North and South American continents,
probably from Late Jurassic through Early Cretaceous time. Its subsequent evolution has …