As a result of global change, hosts and parasites (including pathogens) are experiencing
shifts in their thermal environment. Despite the importance of heat stress tolerance for host …

Most organisms are at risk of being consumed by a predator or getting infected by a parasite
at some point in their life. Theoretical constructs such as the landscape of fear (perception of …

Predators negatively affect prey outside of direct attack, and these nonconsumptive effects
(NCEs) may cause over half the impacts of predators on prey populations. This “ecology of …

Parasites can indirectly impact hosts through non-consumptive effects (NCEs) via changes
in behaviour, morphology, and/or physiology. These responses can be understood in terms …

Reproduction is a key determinant of organismal fitness, but organisms almost always face
the threat of parasite infection. Thus, potential trade-offs between mating and parasite …

For many organisms, habitat avoidance provides the first line of defence against parasitic
infection. Changes in infection status can shift the cost-benefit ratio of remaining in a given …

Non‐consumptive effects (NCEs) arise in the presence of parasites even when infection
does not occur and can include changes to host behaviour, physiology or morphology …

Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to biodiversity in the 21st century.
Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is an epithelial tumor disease that affects immature and adult …

Parasites harm host fitness and are pervasive agents of natural selection capable of driving
the evolution of host resistance traits. Indeed, host resistance in natural populations typically …

The oxygen consumption rate in a wild Mediterranean non-migratory population of a
teleostean fish, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), was measured to …