Vitamins are micronutrients that have physiological effects on various biological responses,
including host immunity. Therefore, vitamin deficiency leads to increased risk of develo** …

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters form a large superfamily of ATP-dependent protein
complexes that mediate transport of a vast array of substrates across membranes. The 14 …

In proteins, the amino acids Phe, Tyr, and especially Trp are frequently involved in π
interactions such as π–π, cation− π, and CH− π bonds. These interactions are often crucial …

Electroactive microorganisms possess the unique ability to transfer electrons to or from solid
phase electron conductors, eg, electrodes or minerals, through various physiological …

Fe (III)-respiring bacteria such as Shewanella species play an important role in the global
cycle of iron, manganese, and trace metals and are useful for many biotechnological …

Substrate-binding proteins (SBP) are associated with a wide variety of protein complexes.
The proteins are part of ATP-binding cassette transporters for substrate uptake, ion gradient …

SUMMARY Riboflavin [7, 8-dimethyl-10-(1′-d-ribityl) isoalloxazine, vitamin B2] is an
obligatory component of human and animal diets, as it serves as the precursor of flavin …

The specific and tightly controlled transport of numerous nutrients and metabolites across
cellular membranes is crucial to all forms of life. However, many of the transporter proteins …

ATP-binding cassette transporters are multi-subunit membrane pumps that transport
substrates across membranes. While significant in the transport process, transporter …

Since their discovery in the 1960s as 'osmotic shock-sensitive'transporters, a plethora of so-
called binding protein-dependent (canonical) ATP-binding cassette (ABC) importers has …