Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) consists of two different forms, xanthine dehydrogenase
and xanthine oxidase (XO), and is a rate-limiting enzyme of uric acid production from …

Hyperuricaemia (increased serum urate concentration) occurs mainly in higher primates,
including in humans, because of inactivation of the gene encoding uricase during primate …

ABSTRACT A detailed osteological description of Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, 1905 is
presented, based primarily on the most complete specimen yet collected of this taxon …

For millions of years, clues to the biology of dinosaurs lie locked within the microscopic
structure of their bones. Here one of the world's leading experts on fossil bone …

Cranial material of Sinraptor dongi (Upper Jurassic, **njiang, China), Gorgosaurus libratus,
Daspletosaurus torosus (Upper Cretaceous, Alberta, Canada), and other large theropod …

Gout is probably one of the oldest diseases affecting men. This is not surprising especially
for the active role that innate immunity seems to play in its pathogenesis. It is fascinating to …

Uric acid is the main means of nitrogen excretion in uricotelic vertebrates (birds and reptiles)
and the end product of purine catabolism in humans and a few other mammals. While …

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (who was also King Charles I of Spain) was one of the most
powerful rulers of all time (Fig. 1A). His 40-year reign (1516–1556) occurred during the …

Literature concerning dinosaur footprints or trackways exhibiting abnormal gait or
morphology reflecting pathology (ichnopathology) is rare. We report on a number of Jurassic …

Traditional palaeontological techniques of disease characterisation are limited to the
analysis of osseous fossils, requiring several lines of evidence to support diagnoses. This …