The number and types of venom components that affect ion-channel function are reviewed.
These are the most important venom components responsible for human intoxication …

Voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels play a central role in the propagation of action
potentials in excitable cells in both humans and insects. Many venomous animals have …

Voltage-gated sodium channels are essential for the initiation and propagation of the action
potential in neurons and other excitable cells. Because of their critical roles in electrical …

The selective advantage of chemical defenses is evident by its occurrence in many groups
of organisms. Toxic and unpalatable substances are often employed by organisms to avoid …

Proteases from a variety of sources (viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and insects) have toxicity
towards insects. Some of these insecticidal proteases evolved as venom components …

Pest insect species are a burden to humans as they destroy crops and serve as vectors for a
wide range of diseases including malaria and dengue. Chemical insecticides are currently …

Scorpions constitute a charismatic lineage of arthropods and comprise more than 2500
described species. Found throughout various tropical and temperate habitats, these …

Voltage-gated sodium channels are a major target for toxins and insecticides due to their
central role in excitability, but due to the conservation of these channels in Animalia most …

The venom of sea anemones is rich in low molecular weight proteinaceous neurotoxins that
vary greatly in structure, site of action, and phyletic (insect, crustacean or vertebrate) …

Introduction 3. Voltage-gated sodium channel 4. General characteristics of the sodium
channel scorpion toxins 4.1. Electrophysiological effects of β-ScTxs on VGSCs 4.2. Voltage …