In general, individuals who survive to reproduce have genotypes that work relatively well
under local conditions. Migrating or dispersing offspring elsewhere is likely to decrease an …

Since the first report by Ishiwata in 1902 of a Bombyx mori infection, followed by the
description by Berliner, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has become the main microorganism used …

Many of the most dangerous human diseases are transmitted by insect vectors. After
decades of repeated insecticide use, all of these vector species have demonstrated the …

Insecticide resistance continues to be one of the most important issues facing agricultural
production. The challenges in insecticide resistance and its management are exemplified by …

Why do we behave the way we do? Biologist Paul Ehrlich suggests that although people
share a common genetic code, these genes" do not shout commands at us... at the very …

BACKGROUND Spodoptera frugiperda is a pest of economically important crops in South
America. In Brazil, this species is considered the most destructive pest of maize. Use of …

Dominance has been assessed in different ways in insecticide resistance studies, based on
three phenotypic traits: the insecticide concentration required to give a particular mortality (D …

The refuge–high–dose strategy for delaying insect adaptation to transgenic plants produces
non–transgenic plants that enable survival of susceptible individuals. Previous theoretical …

The evolution of resistance to pesticides and drugs by pests and pathogens is a textbook
example of adaptation to environmental changes and a major issue in both public health …

Resistance to organophosphate (OP) insecticide in the mosquito Culex pipiens has been
studied for ca. 30 years. This example of micro-evolution has been thoroughly investigated …