Mendelian randomization (MR) is increasingly used to make causal inferences in a wide
range of fields, from drug development to etiologic studies. Causal inference in MR is …

Behavior is rapidly flexible and highly context-dependent, which poses obvious challenges
to researchers attempting to dissect its causes. However, over a century of unresolved …

Estimates from Mendelian randomization studies of unrelated individuals can be biased due
to uncontrolled confounding from familial effects. Here we describe methods for within-family …

Sequence variants in the parental genomes that are not transmitted to a child (the proband)
are often ignored in genetic studies. Here we show that nontransmitted alleles can affect a …

The challenge of precision medicine is to model complex interactions among DNA variants,
phenotypes, development, environments, and treatments. We address this challenge by …

Heritability measures the proportion of trait variation that is due to genetic inheritance.
Measurement of heritability is important in the nature-versus-nurture debate. However …

Technological advances enable assaying multiplexed spatially resolved RNA and protein
expression profiling of individual cells, thereby capturing molecular variations in …

Humans tend to form social relationships with others who resemble them. Whether this
sorting of like with like arises from historical patterns of migration, meso-level social …

Many mutant mouse strains have been developed as models to investigate
neurodegenerative disease in humans. However, variability in results among studies using …

Background Multiple factors contribute to the etiology of addiction, including genetics, sex,
and a number of addiction-related behavioral traits. One behavioral trait where individuals …