The most commonly used treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) is levodopa, prescribed in
conjunction with carbidopa. Virtually all patients with PD undergo dopamine replacement …

In a range of neurological conditions, including movement disorders, sex-related differences
are emerging not only in brain anatomy and function, but also in pathogenesis, clinical …

Since the official and systematic inclusion of sex and gender in biomedical research, gender
differences have been acknowledged as important determinants of both the susceptibility to …

Parkinson disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that affects as many
as 1–2% of persons aged 60 years and older. With the aging of the population, the …

Objective To report 5-year outcomes from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain
stimulation (DBS) in early-stage Parkinson disease (PD) pilot clinical trial. Methods The pilot …

Symptoms of Parkinson's disease have been controlled with levodopa for many years;
however, motor complications consisting of wearing off of medication effect and dyskinesias …

Levodopa is the most effective drug for treating Parkinson's disease. However, long-term
use of levodopa is often complicated by significantly disabling fluctuations and dyskinesias …

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is currently considered a systemic neurodegenerative disease
manifested with not only motor but also non-motor symptoms. In particular, weight loss and …

Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) belong to the most common dose-limiting adverse
effects of levodopa therapy.“Peak-dose” LID occur with the maximum effect of …

Objective: To investigate striatal adenosine A2A receptor availability in patients with
Parkinson disease (PD) with and without levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs). While …