Water is a critical resource, but ensuring its availability faces challenges from climate
extremes and human intervention. In this Review, we evaluate the current and historical …

Evapotranspiration (ET)—the distribution and partitioning of which is strongly mediated by
vegetation—is central to the water, energy and carbon cycles. In this Review, we examine …

Eastern Africa exhibits bimodal rainfall consisting of long rains (March–May) and short rains
(October–December), changes in which have profound socioeconomic and environmental …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Caption: Table A. 11. 2. Synthesis table summarising assessments presented in Tables 11.4-
11.21 for hot extremes (HOT EXT.), heavy precipitation (HEAVY PRECIP.), agriculture and …

Recent decades have seen a rise in the use of physics methods to study different societal
phenomena. This development has been due to physicists venturing outside of their …

Abstract Changes in ocean heat content (OHC) provide a measure of ocean warming, with
impacts on the Earth system. This Review synthesizes estimates of past and future OHC …

Arctic amplification (AA)—referring to the enhancement of near-surface air temperature
change over the Arctic relative to lower latitudes—is a prominent feature of climate change …

Most climate change detection and attribution studies have focused on mean or extreme
temperature or precipitation, neglecting to explore long-term changes in drought …

The hydrological cycle is expected to intensify with global warming, which likely increases
the intensity of extreme precipitation events and the risk of flooding. The changes, however …