The basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic system has an important role in attentive functions. The
cholinergic system can be activated by different inputs, and in particular, by orexin neurons …

The hypothalamic neuropeptides orexin A and B (hypocretin 1 and 2) are important
homeostatic mediators of central control of energy metabolism and maintenance of …

Consumption beyond homeostatic needs, referred to here as reward-based feeding
behavior, is a central contributor to the current obesity epidemic worldwide. Importantly …

Orexins regulate a wide variety of biological functions, most notably the sleep-wake cycle,
reward and stress processing, alertness, vigilance, and cognitive functioning. Alterations of …

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-related condition that produces
distressing fear memory intrusions, avoidance behaviors, hyperarousal/startle, stress …

Aging is associated with many physiological alterations—such as changes in sleep patterns,
metabolism and food intake—suggestive of hypothalamic dysfunction, but the effects of …

Accumulating evidence has shown that sleep disturbance is a common symptom in
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is regarded as a modifiable risk factor for AD. Orexin is a …

Current treatments for insomnia, such as zolpidem (Ambien) and eszopiclone (Lunesta), are
γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA)–positive allosteric modulators that carry a number of …

The orexin neurones play an essential role in driving arousal and in maintaining normal
wakefulness. Lack of orexin neurotransmission produces a chronic state of hypoarousal …

Orexinergic neurones in the perifornical lateral hypothalamus project to structures of the
midbrain, including the substantia nigra and the mesopontine tegmentum. These areas …