Since the first demonstration of the generation of attosecond pulses (1 as= 10− 18 s) in the
extreme-ultraviolet spectral region, several measurement techniques have been introduced …

Optical elements that convert the spin angular momentum (SAM) of light into vortex beams
have found applications in classical and quantum optics. These elements—SAM-to–orbital …

For over a century since the Nobel prize winning work by Einstein (1905 Ann. Phys. 17 132),
atomic photoionization was thought to be an instantaneous process. Recent experimental …

X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) and table-top sources of x-rays based upon high
harmonic generation (HHG) have revolutionized the field of ultrafast x-ray atomic and …

Ultrafast processes in matter, such as the electron emission after light absorption, can now
be studied using ultrashort light pulses of attosecond duration (10− 18 seconds) in the …

Chiral light-matter interactions have been investigated for two centuries, leading to the
discovery of many chiroptical processes used for discrimination of enantiomers. Whereas …

Attosecond metrology of atoms has accessed the time scale of the most fundamental
processes in quantum mechanics. Transferring the time-resolved photoelectric effect from …

Photoionisation time delays carry structural and dynamical information on the target system,
including electronic correlation effects in atoms and molecules and electron transport …

Photoionization of atoms and molecules is one of the fastest processes in nature. The
understanding of the ultrafast temporal dynamics of this process often requires the …

Photoemission spectroscopy is central to understanding the inner workings of condensed
matter, from simple metals and semiconductors to complex materials such as Mott insulators …