In complex products the values of parameters are rarely exactly the required values, rather
they often have a margin that might be designed in deliberately or be the incidental results of …

Margins are defined as the difference between a design parameter's minimum required
value to ensure functionality, and its actual capability. Margins allow engineers to mitigate …

As products are being developed over time and across organisations, the risk for unintended
accumulation and mis-conception of margins allocated may occur. Accumulation of margins …

The life cycle of complex products is subject to multiple uncertainties. Designers include
margins into the product to cater for these uncertainties: safety margins, which is typically …

This paper discusses margins in the context of building services, where the capacity in many
buildings, such as hospitals, exceeds the requirements by huge amounts. This oversizing …

Engineering companies face the challenge of optimising margins within product platforms
while balancing individual product optimisation and maximising platform commonality. Key …

Product platforms have proven efficient as a means to reduce lead-time and increase
product quality simultaneously. When using platforms to generate a family of products, the …

Resulting from a high variety of customer utilization scenarios, a high variant spectrum at
comparatively low production volumes is characteristic for commercial vehicle …

Oversizing of building service systems has a direct impact on building efficiency and
operational costs. The research of this paper highlights several major contributors to the …

Design processes are subject to many uncertainties. Changes resulting from the need to
respond to external uncertainties are one of the main drivers of engineering change and …