Aquatic ecologists face challenges in identifying the general rules of the functioning of
ecosystems. A common framework, including freshwater, marine, benthic, and pelagic …

The past 30 years have seen several paradigm shifts in our understanding of how ocean
ecosystems function. Now recent technological advances add to an overwhelming body of …

A comprehensive understanding of the deep-sea environment and mining's likely impacts is
necessary to assess whether and under what conditions deep-seabed mining operations …

Plastic waste has been documented in nearly all types of marine environments and has
been found in species spanning all levels of marine food webs. Within these marine …

Increasing interest in the acquisition of biotic and abiotic resources from within the deep sea
(eg, fisheries, oil–gas extraction, and mining) urgently imposes the development of novel …

The deep pelagic ocean is increasingly subjected to human-induced environmental change.
While pelagic animals provide important ecosystem functions including climate regulation …

Through daily vertical movements, mesopelagic fishes contribute to global carbon export
and, when eaten, link primary consumers to higher trophic level predators. Although the …

Microplastic particles (< 5 mm) are ubiquitous throughout global marine ecosystems,
including the deep sea. Ingestion of microplastics and other anthropogenic microparticles is …

Gelatinous zooplankton can be present in high biomass and taxonomic diversity in
planktonic oceanic food webs, yet the trophic structuring and importance of this “jelly web” …

Long-term biological time series that monitor ecosystems across the ocean's full water
column are extremely rare. As a result, classic paradigms are yet to be tested. One such …