In 1918, a strain of influenza A virus caused a human pandemic resulting in the deaths of 50
million people. A century later, with the advent of sequencing technology and corresponding …

The patterns and processes of influenza virus evolution are of fundamental importance,
underpinning such traits as the propensity to emerge in new host species and the ability to …

Migratory birds play a critical role in the rapid spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza
(HPAI) H5N8 virus clade 2.3. 4.4 across Eurasia. Elucidating the timing and pattern of virus …

The spatial spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and its long-term
persistence in Asia have resulted in avian influenza panzootics and enormous economic …

A complex interplay of viral, host, and ecological factors shapes the spatio-temporal
incidence and evolution of human influenza viruses. Although considerable attention has …

Since 2013, there have been several alarming influenza‐related events; the spread of highly
pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses into North America, the detection of H10N8 and …

The environmental drivers of influenza outbreaks are largely unknown. Despite more than
50 years of research, there are conflicting lines of evidence on the role of the environment in …

Genetic exchange by a process of genome-segment 'reassortment'represents an important
mechanism for evolutionary change in all viruses with segmented genomes, yet in many …

Wild waterbirds, the natural reservoirs for avian influenza viruses, undergo migratory
movements each year, connecting breeding and wintering grounds within broad corridors …

Avian influenza viruses can pose serious risks to agricultural production, human health, and
wildlife. An understanding of viruses in wild reservoir species across time and space is …