Abstract MicroRNA-34 (miR-34) has been reported to be dysregulated in various human
cancers and regarded as a tumor suppressive microRNA because of its synergistic effect …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a widely-studied class of non-coding RNAs characterized by their
short length (18–25 nucleotides). The precise functions of miRNAs are not well-elucidated; …

Genetic changes underlying clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) include alterations in
genes controlling cellular oxygen sensing (for example, VHL) and the maintenance of …

Background With the advent of second-generation sequencing, the expression of gene
transcripts can be digitally measured with high accuracy. The purpose of this study was to …

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is characterized by an infrequent number of somatic mutations.
By contrast, epigenetic aberrations are commonly found in RCC, indicating that epigenetic …

Discovering causal relationships from observational data is a crucial problem and it has
applications in many research areas. The PC algorithm is the state-of-the-art constraint …

Background Neuroblastoma is one of the most challenging malignancies of childhood,
being associated with the highest death rate in paediatric oncology, underlining the need for …

Genome-wide expression analysis using next generation sequencing (RNA-Seq) provides
an opportunity for in-depth molecular profiling of fundamental biological processes, such as …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have an essential functional role in local tumour progression,
metastatic spread and the emergence of drug resistance in bladder, kidney and prostate …

Tumor initiation and growth depend on its microenvironment in which cancer-associated
fibroblasts (CAFs) in tumor stroma play an important role. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and …