One fundamental question concerning brain reward mechanisms is to determine how
reward-related activity is influenced by the nature of rewards. Here, we review the …

To behave adaptively, we must learn from the consequences of our actions. Studies using
event-related potentials (ERPs) have been informative with respect to the question of how …

Abstract Changes in response contingencies require adjusting ones assumptions about
outcomes of behaviors. Such adaptation processes are driven by reward prediction error …

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research suggests that the ventral striatum
(VS)/nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and broader mesocorticolimbic …

An event-related potential (ERP) component reliably associated with feedback processing
and well studied in humans is the feedback-related negativity (FRN), which is assumed to …

Rewards have been examined extensively by both psychologists and neuorscientists and
have become one of the most contentious issues in social and educational psychology. In …

Most behavioral training regimens in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) rely on reward-based
reinforcement strategies. Although proven to significantly increase both cognitive and social …

Individuals experience reward not only when directly receiving positive outcomes (eg, food
or money), but also when observing others receive such outcomes. This latter phenomenon …

Depression is a major public health concern, and the period from late childhood through
early adolescence is a critical time in the development of depressive symptoms. In adults …

The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) has been implicated in a variety of cognitive
control functions, among them the monitoring of conflict, error, and volatility, error …