Actinobacteria constitute a highly diverse bacterial phylum with an unrivalled metabolic
versatility. They produce most of the clinically used antibiotics and a plethora of other natural …

It is often taken for granted that all animals host and depend upon a microbiome, yet this has
only been shown for a small proportion of species. We propose that animals span a …

For over 300 million years, insects have relied on symbiotic microbes for nutrition and
defence. However, it is unclear whether specific ecological conditions have repeatedly …

The insect gut microbiota has been shown to contribute to the host's digestion, detoxification,
development, pathogen resistance, and physiology. However, there is poor information …

The order Coleoptera (beetles) is arguably the most speciose group of animals, but the
evolutionary history of beetles, including the impacts of plant feeding (herbivory) on beetle …

The insect's microbiota is well acknowledged as a “hidden” player influencing essential
insect traits. The gut microbiome of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) has been shown to …

Most of the genetic, cellular, and biochemical diversity of life rests within single-celled
organisms—the prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) and microbial eukaryotes (protists) …

Animal hosts have initiated myriad symbiotic associations with microorganisms and often
have maintained these symbioses for millions of years, spanning drastic changes in …

Animals are distinguished by having guts—organs that must extract nutrients from food yet
also bar invasion by pathogens. Most guts are colonized by nonpathogenic microorganisms …

Host-beneficial endosymbioses, which are formed when a microorganism takes up
residence inside another cell and provides a fitness advantage to the host, have had a …