Water is an essential participant in the stability, structure, dynamics, and function of proteins
and other biomolecules. Thermodynamically, changes in the aqueous environment affect …

The structure and function of biomolecules are strongly influenced by their hydration shells.
Structural fluctuations and molecular excitations of hydrating water molecules cover a broad …

When Szent-Györgyi called water the “matrix of life”, 1 he was echoing an old sentiment.
Paracelsus in the 16th century said that “water was the matrix of the world and of all its …

Crystallography supplies unparalleled detail on structural information critical for mechanistic
analyses; however, it is restricted to describing low energy conformations of …

Small-angle scattering (SAS) of x-rays and neutrons is a fundamental tool in the study of
biological macromolecules. The major advantage of the method lies in its ability to provide …

The focus in protein folding has been very much on the protein backbone and sidechains.
However, hydration waters make comparable contributions to the structure and energy of …

1. Introduction 1482. Basics of X-ray and neutron scattering 1492.1 Elastic scattering of
electromagnetic radiation by a single electron 1492.2 Scattering by assemblies of electrons …

The properties of water in biological systems have been studied for well over a century by a
wide range of physical techniques, but progress has been slow and erratic. Protein …

This review describes selected basics of water in biomolecular recognition. We focus on a
qualitative understanding of the most important physical aspects, how these change in …

▪ Abstract Structural and thermodynamic characterizations of a variety of intra-and
intermolecular interactions stabilizing/destabilizing protein systems represent a major part of …