The human body is full of an extensive number of commensal microbes, consisting of
bacteria, viruses, and fungi, collectively termed the human microbiome. The initial …

I. INTRODUCTION 1877 II. STUDYING THE... 1881 III. MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS...
1907 IV. PATHWAYS OF COMMUNICATION 1911 V. MICROBIOTA AND SYNAPTIC... 1929 …

Fatty acids are metabolized and synthesized as energy substrates during biological
responses. Long-and medium-chain fatty acids derived mainly from dietary triglycerides, and …

Molecules involved in innate immunity affect sleep and circadian oscillators and vice versa.
Sleep-inducing inflammatory molecules are activated by increased waking activity and …

The'silent epidemic'of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been placed in the spotlight as a result
of clinical investigations and popular press coverage of athletes and veterans with single or …

Immunological niches are focal sites of immune activity that can have varying
microenvironmental features. Hypoxia is a feature of physiological and pathological …

As the immune-competent cells of the brain, microglia play an increasingly important role in
maintaining normal brain function. They invade the brain early in development, transform …

Several lines of evidence suggest that brain function and behaviour are influenced by
microbial metabolites. Key products of the microbiota are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) …

The central nervous system (CNS) is an immunologically specialized tissue protected by a
blood–brain barrier. The CNS parenchyma is enveloped by a series of overlap** …

The realization that the microbiota-gut-brain axis plays a critical role in health and disease,
including neuropsychiatric disorders, is rapidly advancing. An abundance of preclinical …