The implantation of any foreign material into the body leads to the development of an
inflammatory and fibrotic process—the foreign body reaction (FBR). Upon implantation into a …

Invasive brain–machine interfaces can restore motor, sensory and cognitive functions.
However, their clinical adoption has been hindered by the surgical risk of implantation and …

Penetrating flexible electrode arrays can simultaneously record thousands of individual
neurons in the brains of live animals. However, it has been challenging to spatially map and …

Neural recording electrode technologies have contributed considerably to neuroscience by
enabling the extracellular detection of low-frequency local field potential oscillations and …

Implantable intracortical microelectrodes can record a neuron's rapidly changing action
potentials (spikes). In vivo neural activity recording methods often have either high temporal …

The combination of optogenetics and electrophysiological recording enables high-precision
bidirectional interactions between neural interfaces and neural circuits, which provides a …

Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) enables applications ranging from neuroprosthetics to
causal circuit manipulations. However, the resolution, efficacy, and chronic stability of …

The word “biocompatibility,” is inconsistent with the observations of healing for so‐called
biocompatible biomaterials. The vast majority of the millions of medical implants in humans …

Muscle function loss can result from multiple nervous system diseases including spinal cord
injury (SCI), stroke, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Electrical muscle stimulation is clinically …

Electrical neural interfaces serve as direct communication pathways that connect the
nervous system with the external world. Technological advances in this domain are …