HIV Tat protein is a critical protein that plays multiple roles in HIV pathogenesis. While its
role as the transactivator of HIV transcription is well-established, other non-viral replication …

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is a highly pathogenic lenti virus that requires
transcription of its provirus genome for completion of the viral life cycle and the production of …

HIV-1 infection results in a chronic illness because long-term highly active antiretroviral
therapy can lower viral titers to an undetectable level. However, discontinuation of therapy …

Objective: To investigate outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) by using DNA
fingerprint databases. Design: Investigation of two outbreaks of multidrug-resistant TB in …

The insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) plays a critical role in transformation events.
It is highly overexpressed in most malignant tissues where it functions as an anti-apoptotic …

Increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-
1 (IL-1), and IL-6, have been detected in specimens from human immunodeficiency virus …

Diverse biological systems utilize fluctuations (" noise") in gene expression to drive lineage-
commitment decisions. However, once a commitment is made, noise becomes detrimental to …

Recent genetic experiments have suggested that tat transactivation of the human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat requires functional upstream …

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) make up 8% of the human genome. The
expression of HERV-K (HML-2), the family of HERVs that most recently entered the genome …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat transactivation is an essential step in the
viral life cycle. Over the past several years, it has become widely accepted that Tat exerts its …