Temperature is critical in regulating virtually all biological functions in fish. Low temperature
stress (cold shock/stress) is an often‐overlooked challenge that many fish face as a result of …

New Yorkers face a multitude of health and safety risks that are exacerbated by a changing
climate. These risks include direct impacts from extreme weather events and other climate …

Many fundamental aspects of New York State's climate have already begun to change, and
the changes are projected to continue—and in some cases, accelerate—throughout the 21st …

Agriculture is a vital industry in New York State, which ranks among the top‐producing states
for dairy, fruits, and several other commodities. As agriculture depends on the weather and …

Warming trends in the Laurentian Great Lakes and surrounding areas have been observed
in recent decades, and concerns continue to rise about the pace and pattern of future …

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in sea-cages in Atlantic Canada and Iceland can be
exposed to temperatures as low as 0–1° C during the winter months, and this can result in …

Freshwater cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) are a worldwide problem
resulting in substantial economic losses, due to harm to drinking water supplies, commercial …

Climate change is affecting or will affect the lives of every resident of New York State. This
chapter examines the impacts of climate change on five critical areas in the state …

Lake Urmia in northwestern Iran is the largest lake in Iran and the second largest saltwater
lake in the world. The water level in Lake Urmia has decreased dramatically in recent years …

Wild ectotherms are exposed to multiple stressors, including parasites, that can affect their
responses to environmental change. Simultaneously, unprecedented warm temperatures …