Decades of neurobiological research have disclosed the diverse manners in which the
response properties of neurons are dynamically modulated to support adaptive cognitive …

Historically, the thalamus has been viewed as little more than a relay, simply transferring
information to key players of the cast, the cortex and hippocampus, without providing any …

Persistent neural activity maintains information that connects past and future events. Models
of persistent activity often invoke reverberations within local cortical circuits, but long-range …

Cognition can be conceptualized as a set of algorithmic control functions whose real-time
deployment determines how an organism stores and uses information to guide thought and …

The lamprey belongs to the phylogenetically oldest group of vertebrates that diverged from
the mammalian evolutionary line 560 million years ago. A comparison between the lamprey …

The basal ganglia (BG) are critical for adaptive motor control, but the circuit principles
underlying their pathway-specific modulation of target regions are not well understood …

Although a wealth of data have elucidated the structure and physiology of neuronal circuits,
we still only have a very limited understanding of how behavioral learning is implemented at …

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) of the basal ganglia appears to have a potent role in action
and cognition. Anatomical and imaging studies show that different frontal cortical areas …

The human brain is a complex, adaptive system comprised of billions of cells with trillions of
connections. The interactions between the elements of the system oppose this seemingly …

The basal ganglia are phylogenetically conserved subcortical nuclei necessary for
coordinated motor action and reward learning. Current models postulate that the basal …