The AIDS epidemic has been a global public health issue for more than 40 years and has
resulted in~ 40 million deaths. AIDS is caused by the retrovirus, HIV-1, which is transmitted …

Epithelial tight junctions define the paracellular permeability of the intestinal barrier.
Molecules can cross the tight junctions via two distinct size-selective and charge-selective …

Medical case reports suggest that cannabinoids extracted from Cannabis sativa have
therapeutic effects; however, the therapeutic employment is limited due to the psychotropic …

Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are
central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt …

Most older individuals develop inflammageing, a condition characterized by elevated levels
of blood inflammatory markers that carries high susceptibility to chronic morbidity, disability …

Background COVID-19 is an infectious disease characterized by multiple respiratory and
extrapulmonary manifestations, including gastrointestinal symptoms. Although recent …

Metal chalcogenides have been intensively investigated as antibacterial agents due to their
unique structures and superior photoactivities. Herein, various structures of copper sulfide …

Immunosenescence is a series of age-related changes that affect the immune system and,
with time, lead to increased vulnerability to infectious diseases. This Review addresses …

The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration is the hypothesis that endotoxin causes or
contributes to neurodegeneration. Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), constituting …

Emerging evidence indicates a central role for the microbiome in immunity. However, causal
evidence in humans is sparse. Here, we administered broad-spectrum antibiotics to healthy …