Highlights•Not all IDRs undergo liquid–liquid phase separation.•IDRs are not necessary for
protein phase separation.•A stickers-and-spacers framework helps conceptualizing IDR …

Biomolecular condensates, formed through phase separation, are upending our
understanding in much of molecular, cell, and developmental biology. There is an urgent …

Many biomolecular condensates form via spontaneous phase transitions that are driven by
multivalent proteins. These molecules are biological instantiations of associative polymers …

Endeavoring toward a transferable, predictive coarse-grained explicit-chain model for
biomolecular condensates underlain by liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins …

A number of intrinsically disordered proteins have been shown to self-assemble via liquid–
liquid phase separation into protein-rich and dilute phases. The resulting coacervates can …

Disordered proteins and nucleic acids can condense into droplets that resemble the
membraneless organelles observed in living cells. MD simulations offer a unique tool to …

Liquid–liquid phase separation and related condensation processes of intrinsically
disordered proteins (IDPs), proteins with intrinsically disordered regions, and nucleic acids …

Dynamic morphological changes of intracellular organelles are often regulated by protein
phosphorylation or dephosphorylation,,,,–. Phosphorylation modulates stereospecific …

In immature oocytes, Balbiani bodies are conserved membraneless condensates implicated
in oocyte polarization, the organization of mitochondria, and long-term organelle and RNA …

Liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) of proteins and other biomolecules play a critical role
in the organization of extracellular materials and membrane‐less compartmentalization of …